The INFORMER

Day One: January 21

Barack Obama entered the Oval Office to find a note marked “44” written by his predecessor, George W. Bush. He then spent the day planning to push his $800 billion stimulus package in the house and senate. His first phone calls as president were made to leaders in the Arab world. He also placed limits on lobbyists and froze the salaries of White House employees making more than $100,000 a year as a gesture to stop frivolous spending in Washington.

Day Two: January 22

HIs second day was spent marking a strong departure from many of President Bush’s policies. President Obama signed an executive order stating that the prison at Guantanamo Bay would be closed within the year. He also ordered the closings of secret CIA “ghost prisons” and the cessation of advanced interrogation techniques. In addition, George Mitchell was assigned special Middle East envoy to help tackle the strife in Gaza.

Day Three: January 23

President Obama reversed a policy that restricted federal aid to be delivered to organisations that promote or provide abortions overseas. George Bush reversed Clinton’s similar policy 8 years prior. The president nominated former defence lobbyist William Lynn as Deputy Secretary of Defense as unmanned American drones killed 18 in a series of missile attacks on the Pakistani side of the Pakistan-Afghanistan border.

Day Four: January 24

On the first Saturday of his presidency, President Obama delivered his first radio address. In keeping with the internet strategy used during his campaign, the address was posted as an online video. He stressed the importance of his stimulus bill and the urgency at which it needed to be passed

Day Five: January 25

While Republicans voiced their opposition to his stimulus plan, the president spent the day with his family.

Day Six: January 26

President Obama allowed states like California to decide their own emissions and fuel efficiency standards. The President also gave his first television interview as president with Dubai-based al-Aribiya. He used the interview to stress to the Muslim world his empathy and diplomatic intentions.

Day Seven: January 27

President Obama met with high-ranking republicans to discuss his $800b bail-out package. They viewed it with extreme scepticism.

Day Eight: January 28

The President had his first visit to the Pentagon to speak with Defense Secretary Robert Gates about US planning in Iraq and Afghanistan. Later, he delivered another speech detailing the urgency at which the economy needs be handled-specifically through his stimulus bill. President Obama invited ten senators (five democrats, five republicans) and twelve congressmen (six democrats, six republicans) to a cocktail party to discuss the stimulus plan.

Day Nine: January 29

The president and his wife began the day by attending a class presentation at daughter Sasha’s school. He then approved an equal-pay legislation dubbed “Ledbetter’s Law.” It was the first bill he signed into law. President Bush had previously opposed the legislation. His stimulus bill passed through the house without a single republican vote.

Day Ten: January 30

At the ten day mark, President Obama created a middle class working families task force to be headed by Vice President Joe Biden. He also signed a series of pro-union executive orders. The President received help from union workers during the campaign and subsequent election, and he looked to reverse President Bush’s policies that were perceived by some as anti-union.

Place your microscope on a secure table, free from vibration, to begin. Try to have the microscope at least one foot away from any edge to avoid an accidental fall. Turn on your illumination, if so equipped, or, if mirror equipped, turn the microscope toward the best available light source and tilt the mirror, as you look through the eyepiece, until the brightest possible light shows through.

Select the proper objective for the magnification you desire by rotating the turret or nosepiece such that the objective is in alignment with the eyepiece. Place your slide on the stage and secure it with the stage clips, or with a mechanical stage, if so equipped. Try to align the specimen as near to the center of where the objective will come down. This will make it easier to locate when viewing through the eyepiece. Before looking through the eyepiece, turn the coarse focus knob, which will lower the objective, until the objective is almost in contact with the slide. The purpose for this is simple. As you turn the coarse focus knob, your specimen will come into focus.

Most microscopes are equipped with a diaphragm of some sort. This is located directly below the stage, but above the light source. Usually diaphragms are of two types: a disc diaphragm (a disc pre-drilled with holes, from smaller to larger, that you dial in the appropriate light) or a better choice, the iris diaphragm (which, like a camera lens, offer unlimited adjustment). Depending upon your specimen, more light or less light may be required for the best viewing. In conjunction with the diaphragm is the Abbe condenser that further focuses the light through another lens before it reaches the objective. An additional option is the adjustable Abbe condenser, which allows movement of the condenser below the stage of about one half inch. Again, it depends on your specimen as to how much or how little light is required.

Once you have focused with a particular magnification, you will want to view the specimen under different magnifications. Simply rotate the nosepiece until the objective you require is in line with the eyepiece.

SOCCER VS CRICKET

SOCCER IS the BEST



Everyone should watch and play the soccer because of the following reasons. The First reason is that it does not take too much time as compared to the cricket. Mostly people like the games which can be playing and enjoying for short time. Therefore, there are around 40 to 50 million people in the soccer ground. The Second reason is that it is full of entertaining for people. In short time period, it has a lot of action in the soccer ground so; it is not possible to go away from TV for a second. The third reason is that there are fewer chances for players to get injury in soccer game and we use hardball in cricket and it is harmful for players. There are many bowlers who have proved themselves that they are very dangerous for the batsman like Shoaib Akhtar, Brett Lee, and Mohammad Zahid. Many people might say that in cricket twenty over match is also very entertaining for people but I believe that soccer is more entertaining, more interesting game than the cricket.

The kidneys are two, flat, bean-shaped, solid organs that are among the most important in our body. They lie on each side of the spine near the waistline. They are about ten centimeters long.

The kidneys help the body by removing unwanted substances. It is just as important for the body to be able to get rid of what it does not need and cannot use as it is for it to take in what it needs. But kidneys at the same time see that other materials are kept in the body. They also regulate the amount of water and other substances in the blood.

In the outer part of each kidney, capillaries from tine loops that make up a ball-like shape covered by a delicate membrane. In each kidney there are about 1, 500, 00 of tiny small balls, called “glomeruli”. More blood flows through the kidneys every minute than through any other organ. The glomeruli allow some of the fluid of the blood which carries the finest dissolved materials to pass through the membranes.

The fluid that passes through is called “Urine”. It is collected with in a cuplike wall which covers each glomerulus. A very delicate tube, called a “tubule”, drains the urine from the cups.

As the urine flows through the tiny tubules, the lining cells are busy exchanging materials between the blood and urine. Substances that the body needs are taken back into the blood. Much of water in tubules also returns to the blood. In this way the kidneys help to keep the body properly moist. The Kidney tubules also help regulate the acid level in the blood.

All the small tubules collect in the inner part of each kidney and open into a delicate sac, the pelvis of the kidney. The Urine then goes down two tubes, called “Ureters” that connect to the kidneys to bladder.

The first “Americans” went to America so long ago that we cannot really know as much as we would like to know about their earliest history. But this is what most authorities think happened.

About 12,000 years ago bands of hunters on foot wandered into a strange new land, following herds of elk and caribou. The land these early hunters came from was probably Siberia. They crossed over to Alaska where the continents of Asia and North America are closest together at the narrow strip of water now called Bering Strait.

For thousand of years more hunters went to North America. They did not all go at once, but went in small family groups. Although they came from the dame homeland and were originally alike, they went over a period of thousands of years and thus the groups differed in many ways. They differed in language, in appearance, in customs, in ways of making a living, and in the way they adapted themselves to life in the new land.

They all had straight, black hair and high cheekbones. They were all dark skinned, but their shadings varied. The skins of some had a reddish tinge and so these people were often called “red men.”

Everybody knows that Columbus “discovered America”. Then why wasn’t it named after him?
The reason for this might be considered an accident of fate. When Columbus made his first journey, he sighted land early in the morning of October 12, 1492. Columbus went ashore, took possession in the names of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, and named the land san Salvador. That land however, was not the mainland of the continent. It is what we now call Watling Island, in the Bahamas. Columbus called the natives Indians.

Columbus cruised on, looking for Japan. Instead he discovered Cuba and Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Republic today). On March 14, 1493, Columbus returned to Spain.

On his second voyage, which started on September 24, 1493, Columbus discovered several of the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and Jamaica. But he was still determined to find India. On his third voyage, in 1498, he discovered Trinidad and touched South America. But he thought he had found a series of islands.

Another explorer, Amerigo Vespucci, meanwhile was claiming that he had been the first to reach the mainland of South America. This was on June 16, 1497. (Many experts believe that Vespucci did not really make his voyage until 1499.)

On a trip in 1501, Vespucci sailed along the coast of South America and wrote letters saying he had found a new continent. His information was used by a German map-maker and in his maps he used the name “America” (after Amerigo Vespucci) for the new continent. And that name has been used ever since!

Horatio, Lord Nelson, was the most famous commander in the history of the British Navy. Born in 1758, he was so frail and weak in early childhood that no one expected him to live! His father was clergyman, and the family had very little money, so Horatio had to leave home when he was twelve, and join the Navy as a midshipman to make his own career. When he was twenty one, he was made captain of a frigate and, with his new
Authority; he set about reforming discipline on his ship, saying that cruelty made cowards of his men.

Nelson’s rise to fame began in 1793, when he was put in command of the Agamemnon, during the revolutionary war with France. For the next three years he repeatedly distinguished himself by his calm, bravery and judgment. It was at this period that he lost his right eye at the battle of calvi, and soon after, in the Canary Islands, he lost his right arm.

The only reason a day has 24 hours in it is that man has decided he would like to work out time that way.

Nothing occurs in nature or in the world that has anything to do with hours or minutes or seconds. These divisions of time were made up by man for his convenience. But something does happen that has to do with what we call a ‘’day’’. And that something is the rotation of the earth on its axis from west to east. Every time it goes around once, a specific amount of time has passed, we call that time a ‘’day’’. Scientists can measure that time exactly and they use the stars to do it. Observatories have what are called ‘’sidereal’’ clocks. A sidereal day begins the instant that a given star crosses a meridian and lasts until the instant that it recrosses the same meridian.

Since man has broken up the day into hours, minutes, and seconds, we can say how long a sidereal day is. It is 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds long, which means that there are 366 sidereal days in a year. We base our tie (solar time) on the Earth’s rotation relative to the Sun, which given us a slightly longer day and 365+1/4 days in a year, hence we have a leap year every fourth year where there is one extra day, to make up. To early people, a day meant simply the space between sunrise and sunset. For the Romans, it was from midnight to midnight.

Before clocks were invented, day and night were divided into 12 hours each. This division was not practical as the length of the two periods differs with the seasons. Today, most countries have a day which, by law, extends over the 24-hours period from midnight to midnight, following the Roman method.

When astronomers use the word ‘universe’’, they mean space and all the heavenly bodies contained in it. It is impossible for human imagination really to grasp what this involves.

Just to give you an idea, a light year equals about six billion miles. Our own galaxy, the Milky Way, is about 100,000 light years in length. There are million of galaxies nearest to us is about 2,000,000 light years away. The most distant ones are billions of light years away. And all of this is only that part of the universe that we know about. There may be more that we have not detected yet!

In fact, astronomers believe that the part of the universe that is observable by any kind of instrument is only part of the whole universe. The question is then, how much more is there?

When astronomers try to answer a question like this, they become involved with the nature of space itself. According to the present theory, space curves around on itself. This means that you can never get ‘’outside’’ space, because your path will always curve around and lead you back again.

For example, when a plane flies from New York to San Francisco, it does not really fly in a straight line. Since the earth is curved, if the plane flew in a straight line, by the time it was over San Francisco it would be several thousand miles up in the air.

So in flying from New York to San Francisco, a plane follows a curved path. And if the plane continued in that same curved path, it would eventually come back to New York. Astronomers believe that space curves around in a special way-not as simple as earth’s curving. A picture of it cannot be drawn on paper nor can a model be made of it. But it can be figured out by using complicated mathematics.

You can get a pretty good idea of what causes an earthquake from thinking about what happens during an earthquake. During an earth quake, there is a trembling of the ground. It is this trembling of the earth which may cause buildings to fall.

So an earthquake is a trembling or vibration of earth’s surface.what makes it happen? Well, the rock of the earth’s surface. What makes it break in the crust? The earth blocks shift. Sometimes the sides of the fault move up and down against each other. At other times, the sides of the fault shift lengthwise.

But when one rock mass has rubbed on another with great force and friction, we have a lot of energy being used. This vast energy; that comes from the rubbing is changed to vibration in the rocks. The vibration is what we feel as and earthquake. And this vibration may travel thousands of miles.

The reason earthquakes take place in certain regions frequently and almost never in other regions, is that the faults in the earth’s crust are located in these regions.

Sound is the result of vibrations. A vibration is simply the moving back and forth of some object. But in order for these vibrations to be heard, they must take place in some medium, something to carry the sound from its source to the hearer. That medium may be air, a liquid, or a solid.

When the vibration is very regular, that is, when the sounding body sends out waves at absolutely regular, intervals, the effect on your ears is not at all pleasing. The resulting sound is ‘noise’’

The three differences between one sound and another are loudness, pitch, and tonal quality. Loudness of a sound depends partly on the distance from the object to the ear and partly on the amplitude of vibration of the sound-making object. Amplitude means the distance the vibrating body moves in it’s to-and –for motion. The greater this movement is, the louder the sound will be.

The highness or lowness of a sound is called its ‘’pitch’’ pitch depends on the speed of vibration of the sounding object. The greater the number of vibrations that reach the ear every second, the higher will be the pitch.

Even when two sounds may be of the same pitch and loudness, they can sound different. The quality of a musical sound depends upon the number and strength of the ‘’overtones’’ present in the sound. If a violin string is made to vibrate in one long vibration throughout its entire length, it gives the lowest tone that it can make. This note is called ‘’the fundamental’’ If the string vibrates in more than one part, higher pitched notes are heard. They blend with the fundamental to create the particular ‘’violin’’ quality. These higher notes are the overtones. They create the tonal quality of a sound.